Bibliography
5Rights Foundation. (2021).
But how do they know it is a child? Age assurance in the digital world.
5Rights Foundation. 5Rights Foundation. Retrieved from
https://5rightsfoundation.com/uploads/But_How_Do_They_Know_It_is_a_Child.pdf
Apostolou, N. (2023, March 20). Service NSW to trial online age verification with Mastercard and
Tipple.
CRN. Retrieved from https://www.crn.com.au/news/service-nsw-to-trial-online-age-
verification-with-mastercard-and-tipple-592292
Apple. (n.d.).
Creating your child's apple ID. Retrieved from Privacy:
https://www.apple.com/legal/privacy/en-ww/parent-
disclosure/#:~:text=Once%20your%20child%20reaches%20the,without%20participating%20i
n%20Family%20Sharing.
Apple. (n.d.).
Expand protections for children. Retrieved from Apple child safety:
https://www.apple.com/child-safety/
Apple. (n.d.).
Expanded Protections. Retrieved from Apple child safety:
https://www.apple.com/child-safety/
Apple. (n.d.).
Use parental controls on your child's iPhone, iPad and iPod touch. Retrieved from Apple
support: https://support.apple.com/en-au/HT201304
Arcom. (2022, March 8).
Access of minors to pornographic sites: Referral to the President of the Paris
Judicial Court. Retrieved from https://www.arcom.fr/sites/default/files/2022-03/CP-
Acc%C3%A8s%20des%20mineurs%20aux%20sites%20pornographiques%20-
%20Saisine%20du%20pr%C3%A9sident%20du%20tribunal%20judiciaire%20de%20Paris_0.p
df
Association of Sites Advocating Child Protection (ASACP). (n.d.).
The RTA label. Retrieved from
https://www.asacp.org/index.html?content=RTA
Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety Limited. (2000).
Compiled data from
child at risk assessment unit: age-appropriate sexual play and behaviour in children. Canberra: Department of Community Health.
Australian Attorney-General's Department. (2022).
Privacy Act Review. Retrieved from Australian
Attorney-General's Department: https://www.ag.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-02/privacy-
act-review-report_0.pdf
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. (n.d.).
Digital platform services inquiry 2020-25.
Retrieved from https://www.accc.gov.au/inquiries-and-consultations/digital-platform-
services-inquiry-2020-25
Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (n.d.).
Australian Curriculum Version 9.0
endorsed. Retrieved from
https://acara.edu.au/curriculum#:~:text=Australian%20Curriculum%20%2D%20Version%20
9.0%20endorsed&text=It%20is%20the%20result%20of,education%20jurisdictions%20and%2
0the%20community
Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (n.d.).
Review of the Australian
Curriculum. Retrieved from https://acara.edu.au/curriculum/curriculum-review
Australian Department of Home Affairs. (2023).
Cyber security: 2023-2030 Australian cyber security
strategy. Retrieved from Australian Department of Home Affairs:
https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/about-us/our-portfolios/cyber-security/strategy/2023-
2030-australian-cyber-security-strategy
Australian Department of Social Services. (2022, October).
Gambling reforms: national consumer
protection framework. Retrieved from https://www.dss.gov.au/communities-and-
vulnerable-people-programs-services-gambling/gambling-reforms
Australian Human Rights Commission. (2022).
Keeping our children and young people safe: national
survey on understanding and experiences of consent. Retrieved from
https://humanrights.gov.au/schoolkidssurvey
Australian Human Rights Commission. (n.d.).
A national human rights act for Australia. Retrieved
from Australian Human Rights Commission: https://humanrights.gov.au/human-rights-act-
for-australia
Australian Institute of Family Studies. (2017).
The effects of pornography on children and young
people. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication-
documents/rr_the_effects_of_pornography_on_children_and_young_people_1_0.pdf
Australian Institute of Family Studies. (2021, May).
Age of consent laws in Australia. Retrieved from
Australian Institute of Family Studies: https://aifs.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication-
documents/2104_age_of_consent_resource_sheet_0.pdf
Australian Institute of Family Studies. (2021, May).
Age of consent laws in Australia. Retrieved from
Australian Institute of Family Studies: https://aifs.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication-
documents/2104_age_of_consent_resource_sheet_0.pdf
British Board of Film Classification. (2020).
Young people, pornography & age-verification. British
Board of Film Classification. Retrieved from https://www.yourbrainonporn.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/02/BBFC-Research-Report-27-01-2020-1-1.pdf
British Standards Institution. (2018, March 31).
PAS 1296:2018 Online age checking. Provision and
use of online age check services. Code of Practice. Retrieved from European Standards:
https://www.en-standard.eu/pas-1296-2018-online-age-checking-provision-and-use-of-
online-age-check-services-code-of-practice/
BSR Global Network Initiative. (n.d.). Understanding human rights due diligence under an ecosystem
lens. Retrieved from https://eco.globalnetworkinitiative.org/
Buckingham, D., & Bragg, S. (2005). Opting in to (and out of) Childhood: Young People, Sex and the
Media. In J. Qvortrup,
Studies in Modern Childhood (pp. 59-77). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230504929
Chen, C. A. (2021, September 21).
Introducing age verification. Retrieved from Roblox:
https://blog.roblox.com/2021/09/introducing-age-verification/
Children's Commissioner for England. (2023).
‘A lot of it is actually just abuse’- Young people and
pornography. Children's Commissioner for England. Children's Commissioner for England.
Retrieved from https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/resource/a-lot-of-it-is-actually-
just-abuse-young-people-and-pornography/
Chirgwin, R. (2023, February 28). NSW digital birth certificate to be trialled in April.
IT news.
Retrieved from https://www.itnews.com.au/news/nsw-digital-birth-certificate-to-be-
trialled-in-april-591391
Commonwealth of Australia. (2012, December). Guidelines for the Classification of Films 2012.
Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2012L02541
Commonwealth of Australia. (2021, July 27). Online Safety Act 2021. Retrieved from
https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2021A00076
Commonwealth of Australia. (2022, January 23). Online Safety (Basic Online Safety Expectations)
Determination 2022. Retrieved from
https://www.legislation.gov.au/Browse/Results/ByTitle/LegislativeInstruments/InForce/On/
0/0/principal
Crabbe, M., & Flood, M. (2021). School-Based Education to Address Pornography’s Influence on
Young People: A Proposed Practice Framework.
American Journal of Sexuality Education,
16(1), 1-37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2020.1856744
Deegan, G. (2021, February 9). Grant Thornton resigns as auditor to firms owned by Pornhub
operator.
The Irish Times. Retrieved from
https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/grant-thornton-resigns-as-auditor-to-firms-
owned-by-pornhub-operator-1.4480517
Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications . (2020).
Review
of Australian classification regulation. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved from
https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/default/files/consultation/pdf/review-of-
australian-classification-regulation.pdf
Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts.
(2022).
Classification usage and attitudes 2022. Department of Infrastructure, Transport,
Regional Development, Communications and the Arts. Canberra: Department of
Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts. Retrieved
from https://www.classification.gov.au/about-us/research-and-publications/classification-
usage-and-attitudes-2022
Digital Industry Group; Communications Alliance. (2022, September).
Consolidated Industry Codes of
Practice for Online Class 1 Content Community Research. Retrieved from
OnlineSafety.org.au: https://onlinesafety.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/R220719-
DIGI-CA-Project-Class-1-Sep-2022-Survey-Results-PUBLIC-RELEASE.pdf
Digital Transformation Agency. (2023).
Trusted digital identity framework release 4.8 - functional
requirements. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved from
https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-
03/tdif_04_functional_requirements_-_release_4.8.pdf
Discord. (n.d.).
Age-restricted content on discord. Retrieved from Discord safety center:
https://discord.com/safety/360043653552-age-restricted-content-on-
discord#:~:text=If%20you%20do%20not%20want%20to%20be%20exposed%20to%20age,saf
e%27%20under%20Safe%20Direct%20Messaging.
Diwanji, P. (2021, July 27).
How do we know someone is old enough to use our apps? Retrieved from
Meta: https://about.fb.com/news/2021/07/age-verification/
Elias, M. (2023, February 9). A deepfake porn scandal has rocked the streaming community. Is
Australian law on top of the issue? Retrieved from https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-
feed/article/a-streamer-was-caught-looking-at-ai-generated-porn-of-female-streamers-the-
story-just-scratches-the-surface/vfb2936ml
Equifax. (n.d.).
Submission to the inquiry into age verification for online wagering and online
pornography. Retrieved from Submissions to the inquiry into age verification for online
wagering and online pornography:
https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House/Social_Policy_and_Le
gal_Affairs/Onlineageverification/Submissions
Eros Association. (2021, September 10).
Submission to age verification call for evidence and
restricted access system call for submissions. Retrieved from eSafety RAS submissions:
https://www.esafety.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-
09/Eros%20Association%20RAS%20submission%20%28September%202021%29_0.pdf
eSafety Commissioner. (2018).
Parenting and pornography. Retrieved from eSafety Commissioner:
https://www.esafety.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-09/summary-report-parenting-and-
pornography.pdf
eSafety Commissioner. (2018, July/August).
Supervising pre-schoolers online. Retrieved from eSafety
Commissioner: https://www.esafety.gov.au/research/digital-parenting/supervising-
preschoolers-online
eSafety Commissioner. (2019, May).
Safety by design principles and background. Retrieved from
eSafety Commissioner: https://www.esafety.gov.au/industry/safety-by-design/principles-
and-background
eSafety Commissioner. (2020-2021, June/July).
Best practice framework for online safety education.
Retrieved from eSafety Commissioner: https://www.esafety.gov.au/research/best-practice-
framework-for-online-safety-education-reports
eSafety Commissioner. (2021, September).
Industry codes position paper. Retrieved from eSafety
Commissioner: https://www.esafety.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-
09/eSafety%20Industry%20Codes%20Position%20Paper.pdf
eSafety Commissioner. (2021, December).
Online content scheme: regulatory guidance. Retrieved
from eSafety Commissioner: https://www.esafety.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-
12/eSafety-Online-Content-Scheme.pdf
eSafety Commissioner. (2021, October).
Public perceptions of age verification for limiting access to
pornography. Retrieved from eSafety Commissioner:
https://www.esafety.gov.au/research/public-perceptions-age-verification-for-limiting-
access-pornography
eSafety Commissioner. (2021, November).
Regulatory posture and regulatory priorities 2021-22.
Retrieved from eSafety Commissioner: https://www.esafety.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-
03/Regulatory%20Posture%20and%20Regulatory%20Priorities.pdf
eSafety Commissioner. (2022, July).
Basic online safety expectations regulatory guidance. Retrieved
from eSafety Commissioner: https://www.esafety.gov.au/about-us/who-we-are/regulatory-
schemes
eSafety Commissioner. (n.d.).
Industry codes. Retrieved from eSafety Commissioner:
https://www.esafety.gov.au/industry/codes
eSafety Commissioner. (n.d.).
Safety by design. Retrieved from eSafety Commissioner:
https://www.esafety.gov.au/industry/safety-by-design
Ezer, P., Kerr, L., Fisher, C., Waling, A., Bellamy, R., & Lucke, J. (2020). School-based relationship and
sexuality education: what has changed since the release of the Australian Curriculum?
Sex
Education, 20(6), 642-657. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2020.1720634
Fisher, C., Waling, A., Kerr, L., Bellamy, R., Ezer, P., Mikolajczak, G., . . . Lucke, J. (2018).
6th National
Survey of Australian Secondary Students and Sexual Health. La Trobe University. Bundoora:
Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society. doi:10.26181/5c80777f6c35e
Fitzpatrick, J. (2023, February 7).
Creating a safer internet for everyone. Retrieved from Google
safety and security: https://blog.google/technology/safety-security/creating-a-safer-
internet-for-everyone/
Google. (n.d.).
Age requirements on google accounts. Retrieved from Google account help:
https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/1350409
Google. (n.d.).
FAQs. Retrieved from Google family link: https://families.google/familylink/faq/
Google. (n.d.).
Filter explicit results using safesearch. Retrieved from Google search help:
https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/510
Google. (n.d.).
Help keep your family safer online. Retrieved from Google family link:
https://families.google/familylink/
Gorin, J., Biéri, M., & Brocas, C. (2022, June 23).
Demonstration of a privacy-preserving age
verification process, 23 June 2022. Retrieved from Laboratoire d'Innovation Numerique de la
CNIL: https://linc.cnil.fr/fr/demonstration-privacy-preserving-age-verification-process
Hamilton, P. (2018, January 3). Pornography company records €19m profit at Irish arm.
The Irish
Times. Retrieved from https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-
marketing/pornography-company-records-19m-profit-at-irish-arm-1.3343837
Helm, B. (2020, August 19). Sex, lies, and video games: Inside Roblox’s war on porn. Retrieved from
https://www.fastcompany.com/90539906/sex-lies-and-video-games-inside-roblox-war-on-
porn?partner=rss&utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss+fastcompany&
utm_content=rss
Hirst, D. (2014, November 14).
Online safety: content filtering by UK internet service providers (ISPs).
Retrieved from https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn07031/
Human Technology Institute. (n.d.).
Facial recognition technology: towards a model law. Retrieved
from Human Technology Institute: https://www.uts.edu.au/human-technology-
institute/projects/facial-recognition-technology-towards-model-
law#:~:text=In%20September%202022%2C%20the%20Human,sector%2C%20government%
20and%20academic%20experts.
Instagram. (n.d.).
Community guidelines. Retrieved from Instagram help center:
https://help.instagram.com/477434105621119
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. (2021, November 30).
Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard 2089 – 2021: IEEE Standard for an Age Appropriate
Digital Services Framework Based on the 5Rights Principles for Children. Retrieved from
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers:
https://www.techstreet.com/ieee/standards/ieee-2089-2021?product_id=2230812
International Organization for Standardization. (n.d.).
[DRAFT] ISO/IEC AWI 27566 Information
security, cybersecurity and privacy protection — Age assurance systems — Framework.
Retrieved from International Organization for Standardization:
https://www.iso.org/standard/80399.html
Jiang, X. (2019, July 12). Age Verification, Porn Tube Sites and Children’s Rights. Leiden: Leiden
University. Retrieved from
https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/rechtsgeleerdheid/instituut-voor-
privaatrecht/jeugdrecht/xin-jiang---age-verification-porn-tube-sites-and-childrens-rights.pdf
Jones, T., & Hillier, L. (2012). Sexuality education school policy for Australian GLBTIQ students.
Sex
Education, 12(4), 437-454. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2012.677211
Klein, S. (2022).
Cypriot pornographic website ban confirmed. Retrieved from European audiovisual
observatory: https://merlin.obs.coe.int/article/9584
Lim, M., Agius, P., Carrotte, E., Vella, A., & Hellard, M. (2017, August). Young Australians' use of
pornography and associations with sexual risk behaviours.
Australian and New Zealand
Journal of Public Health, 41(4), 438-443. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12678
Lim, M., Carrotte, E., & Hellard, M. (2016). The impact of pornography on gender-based violence,
sexual health and well-being: what do we know?
Journal of Epidemiology and Community
Health, 70(1), 3-5. doi:10.1136/jech-2015-205453
Litsou, K., Byron, P., McKee, A., & Ingham, R. (2020). Learning from pornography: results of a mixed
methods systematic review.
Sex Education, 21(2), 236-252.
McKee, A., Albury, K., Dunne, M., Grieshaber, S., Hartley, J., Lumby, C., & Mathews, B. (2010).
Healthy Sexual Development: A Multidisciplinary Framework for Research.
International
Journal of Sexual Health, 22(1), 14-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19317610903393043
Meta. (2022, June 23).
Introducing new ways to verify age on instagram. Retrieved from Meta:
https://about.fb.com/news/2022/06/new-ways-to-verify-age-on-instagram/
Meta. (n.d.).
Nudity and sexual activity: publisher and creator guidelines. Retrieved from Meta
business help centre: https://en-
gb.facebook.com/business/help/725672454452774?id=208060977200861
Mindgeek. (n.d.).
Mindgeek by numbers. Retrieved from Mindgeek: https://www.mindgeek.com/
Nayak, P. (2022, March 30).
Using AI to keep google search safe. Retrieved from Google blog:
https://www.blog.google/products/search/using-ai-keep-google-search-safe/
Nott, G. (2023, January 12). Alcohol shopper age verification technology trials a success.
The Grocer.
Retrieved from https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/technology-and-supply-chain/alcohol-
shopper-age-verification-tech-trials-a-success/675181.article
Ofcom. (2022).
Children and parents: media use and attitudes report 2022. Ofcom. Retrieved from
https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/234609/childrens-media-use-and-
attitudes-report-2022.pdf
Ofcom. (2022).
Children’s Online User Ages Quantitative Research Study. Ofcom. Ofcom. Retrieved
from https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/245004/children-user-ages-
chart-pack.pdf
Ofcom. (2023, March 24).
Joining forces to help protect children online. Retrieved from Ofcom news
centre: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/news-centre/2023/joining-forces-to-help-protect-
children-online
Parliament of Australia. (n.d.).
Senate Standing Committees on Economics- influence of international
digital platforms. Retrieved from
https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Economics/Digitalpla
tforms#:~:text=On%2026%20September%202022%2C%20the,last%20sitting%20day%20of%
202023.&text=The%20committee%20welcomes%20submissions%20to%20this%20inquiry.
Pettifer, S., Barrett, E., Marsh, J., Hill, K., Turner, P., & Flynn, S. (2022).
The future of eXtended reality
technologies and implications for online child sexual exploitation and abuse. The University
of Manchester. Manchester: The University of Manchester. Retrieved from
https://documents.manchester.ac.uk/display.aspx?DocID=62042
Pfitzner, N., Stewart, R., Ollis, D., Allen, K., Fitz-Gibbon, K., & Flynn, A. (2022).
Respectful
Relationships Education in Australia: National Stocktake and Gap Analysis of Respectful
Relationships Education Material and Resources Final Report. Melbourne: Monash
University. Retrieved from
https://bridges.monash.edu/articles/report/Respectful_Relationships_Education_in_Australi
a_National_Stocktake_and_Gap_Analysis_of_Respectful_Relationships_Education_Material
_and_Resources_Final_Report/21099592/1
Porn Is Not The Norm. (2023). Retrieved from Porn Is Not The Norm: https://notthenorm.com.au/
Power, J., Kauer, S., Fisher, C., Bellamy, R., & Bourne, A. (2021-22).
7th national survey of secondary
students and sexual health 2022. La Trobe University, Australian Government Department of
Health and Aged Care. Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society.
doi:10.26181/21761522
Pratt, R., Miller, R., & Boyd, C. (2012).
Adolescents with sexually abusive behaviours and their
families: best interests case practice model, specialist practice resource. Melbourne:
Victorian Government Department of Human Services. Retrieved from
https://www.cpmanual.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/Adolescents%20sexually%20abusive%2
0behavs%20specialist%20resource%202012%203004%20.pdf
Reddit. (n.d.).
Reddit content policy. Retrieved from Reddit:
https://www.redditinc.com/policies/content-policy
Seida, K., & Shor, E. (2021). Aggression and Pleasure in Opposite-Sex and Same-Sex Mainstream
Online Pornography: A Comparative Content Analysis of Dyadic Scenes.
The Journal of Sex
Research, 58(3), 292-304. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1696275
Shor, E., & Golriz, G. (2019). Gender, Race, and Aggression in Mainstream Pornography.
Archives of
Sexual Behaviour, 48, 739-751. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1304-6
Similarweb. (n.d.).
pornhub.com. Retrieved from Similarweb:
https://www.similarweb.com/website/pornhub.com/#overview
Similarweb. (n.d.).
Top websites ranking. Retrieved from Similarweb:
https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/
Snap. (2023, January).
Community guidelines. Retrieved from Privacy and safety hub:
https://values.snap.com/privacy/transparency/community-
guidelines#:~:text=We%20prohibit%20promoting%2C%20distributing%2C%20or,sexual%20c
ontexts%20are%20generally%20permitted.
South Australian Commissioner for Children and Young People. (2021).
Sex education in South
Australia. Retrieved from https://www.ccyp.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Sex-
Education-in-South-Australia.pdf
Spišák, S. (2016). ‘Everywhere they say that it’s harmful but they don’t say how, so I’m asking here’:
young people, pornography and negotiations with notions of risk and harm.
Sex Education,
16(2), 130-142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2015.1080158
Stathopoulos, M. (2012).
Sibling sexual abuse (ACSSA Research Summary). Australian Centre for the
Study of Sexual Assault. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Retrieved from
https://aifs.gov.au/resources/practice-guides/sibling-sexual-abuse
TikTok. (2023, March).
Sensitive and mature themes. Retrieved from TikTok community guidelines:
https://www.tiktok.com/community-guidelines/en/sensitive-mature-themes/
Twitter. (2023, March).
Sensitive media policy. Retrieved from Twitter help center:
https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-policies/media-policy
UK Children's Commissioner. (2023).
'A lot of it is actually just abuse’: young people and
pornography. UK Children's Commissioner. Retrieved from
https://assets.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/wpuploads/2023/02/cc-a-lot-of-it-is-actually-
just-abuse-young-people-and-pornography-updated.pdf
UK Information Commissioner's Office; Ofcom. (2022, October).
Families' attitudes towards age
assurance. Retrieved from Ofcom:
https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/245195/DRCF-Ofcom-ICO-age-
assurance.pdf
UNESCO. (2018).
International technical guidance on sexuality education: an evidence-informed
approach. UNESCO. Paris: UNESCO. Retrieved from
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000260770
UNESCO. (2018).
International technical guidance on sexuality education: an evidence-informed
approach. Retrieved from UNESCO Digital Library:
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000260770
UNICEF. (2021).
Digital Age Assurance Tools and Children’s Rights Online across the Globe: discussion
paper. Retrieved from https://c-fam.org/wp-content/uploads/Digital-Age-Assurance-Tools-
and-Childrens-Rights-Online-across-the-Globe.pdf
Vera-Gray, F., McGlynn, C., Kureshi, I., & Butterby, K. (2021). Sexual violence as a sexual script in
mainstream online pornography.
The British Journal of Criminology, 61(5), 1243-1260.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azab035
Waling, A., Kerr, L., Fraser, S., Bourne, A., & Carman, M. (2019).
Young people, sexual literacy and
sources of knowledge. La Trobe University. Bundoora: Australian Research Centre in Sex,
Health and Society. Retrieved from
https://www.latrobe.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/1072973/Young-People,-Sexual-
Literacy-and-Sources-of-Knowledge.pdf
WeProtect Global Alliance; Yoti. (2022, November 23).
The role of age verification technology in
tackling child sexual exploitation and abuse online. Retrieved from WeProtect Global
Alliance: https://www.weprotect.org/library/the-role-of-age-verification-technology-in-
tackling-child-sexual-exploitation-and-abuse-online/
Yorke, S. (2022, March 17).
Ensuring age appropriate expereinces. Retrieved from Google Australia
Blog: https://blog.google/intl/en-au/company-news/technology/ensuring-age-appropriate-
experiences/
Yoti. (2022, August 21).
Reusable age checks. Retrieved from Yoti:
https://developers.yoti.com/v8.0/age-verification/age-tokens
Yubo. (n.d.).
Goal: 100% age-verified users on yubo. Retrieved from Yubo:
https://www.yubo.live/blog/goal-100-age-verified-users-on-yubo