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Separate Meetings – Your obligations under the
Marriage Act 1961
• From
12 June 2024 all authorised marriage celebrants are required under the
Marriage Act
1961 (the Marriage Act) to meet with each party to the marriage
separately and
in person before they solemnise the marriage.
• This applies to
all legal marriages and
all authorised celebrants, including Commonwealth-
registered marriage celebrants, ministers of religion of a recognised denomination and State
and Territory officials authorised to solemnise marriage.
Why?
• Real consent is the cornerstone of the Marriage Act.
• As has always been the case, you – as an authorised marriage celebrant – must be satisfied
that each party to the marriage is providing real consent before the marriage is solemnised.
This obligation has not changed.
• A court may find a marriage to be void where the consent of either of the parties is not real
consent.
• Under the
Marriage Act 1961, a person’s consent to a marriage is not real consent if:
o it was obtained by duress or fraud
o a party is mistaken as to the identity of the other party or the nature of the ceremony
performed, or
o a party does not have mental capacity to understand the nature and effect of the
marriage ceremony.
• ‘Duress’ may include coercion or threats including psychological or emotional pressure.
• A separate meeting with a party to establish real consent is not new, and has been a long-
standing principle in
The Guidelines on the Marriage Act 1961 for authorised celebrants where
any concerns existed about consent.1
• A separate meeting in person with each party to the marriage before the marriage is
solemnised is intended to maintain safeguards for establishing real consent.
• Celebrants should be aware that it is an offence to cause another person to enter into a forced
marriage.2
1 See
Guidelines at paragraphs 8.6.1 and 11.1.2.
2 It is an offence under section 270.7B of the
Criminal Code Act 1995 to engage in conduct that causes another person
to enter into a forced marriage – penalty 7 years imprisonment or 9 years if an aggravated offence.
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When?
• A separate meeting with each party must take place before a marriage is solemnised,
regardless of when the NOIM was received (unless you have already met separately with each
party to establish real consent).
• If the NOIM has been transferred to a new celebrant, the new celebrant must also meet
separately with each party. This is necessary because the celebrant who solemnises the
marriage must comply personally with all legal requirements.
• The timing and duration of a separate meeting with each party is at the discretion of the
celebrant and the marrying couple, provided it takes place before the marriage is solemnised.
Suggested opportunities may include:
o a convenient time after receiving the NOIM
o when signing the Declaration of No Legal Impediment, or
o on the day of the wedding.
• If you have any concerns about consent at any stage you should meet with the parties
separately and at the earliest opportunity. Meeting in advance of the wedding day will assist
the celebrant to manage any concerns about real consent appropriately.
• Real consent may change over time and celebrants should exercise sound judgement about
whether or not to solemnise a marriage.
• Circumstances may arise on the day of the wedding that may impact on real consent. For
example, if either of the parties appear intoxicated or otherwise unable to provide real
consent at that time, or for any other reason including medical issues.
Where and How?
• A separate meeting provides you with an opportunity to check in with each party to establish if
they are entering into the marriage
voluntarily and freely, and with an understanding of the
binding legal nature of marriage. This involves the type of discussions you would already be
familiar with in your role as an authorised celebrant.
• There is no specific set of questions or words you need to use to satisfy yourself about real
consent. Open-ended questions often allow the party to express how they feel about their
upcoming wedding.
• A separate meeting needs to take place in the absence of the other party to the marriage. You
need to speak in person and separately with each party – but this does not mean you have to
meet alone with the party. The party may choose to bring a trusted person.
• For privacy and safety reasons, do not contact third parties such as family members,
interpreters etc, without the express consent of the party.
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• Separate meetings are to take place in a culturally appropriate context and in line with the
preferences of the party, including as to the location of the meeting. It can be a public setting
provided the privacy of the conversation can be maintained. This could be a public space
agreed to by the party, such as a coffee shop or similar venue.
• If another person attends the meeting with a party, the celebrant should have regard to
whether their presence appears to be coercive and take this into account in their decision
whether or not to solemnise the marriage. You should not say anything that may expose the
party to risk. Instead, consider following-up with the party by telephone if you have concerns.
• Remember other people may read your emails, text messages or written communications, or
may listen to your voice messages. If you need assistance about how to proceed you should
contact the expert support services listed below.
• It is recommended the celebrant should keep a record of the meetings, who was present, the
factors you considered and the conclusion you reached on the question of real consent. This
means if any questions arise at a later date you have a record of your decision-making process.
This is important because celebrants may be called upon to give evidence in court as to the
consent of the parties.
• As has always been the case, if you have any concerns whatsoever about real consent and
consequent validity of a marriage, either before or on the day, you should not solemnise the
marriage. You may consider offering a non-binding commitment ceremony and later
solemnisation, depending on circumstances.
•
Please note: It is important that you always act in the best interests of a party who may be at
risk, by being mindful of their safety as well as your own.
• The following additional resources are available to support authorised celebrants and
vulnerable parties.
Resources
What are the signs of a forced marriage?
• The crime of forced marriage not only applies to legally recognised marriages but to
cultural or religious ceremonies and registered relationships.
• If someone is in, or at risk of a forced marriage, they may find it hard to tell someone about
their situation.
• A combination of the following signs may indicate that a person is in a forced marriage, or
at risk of being made to enter into a forced marriage. Some of these signs may not be
immediately obvious to an authorised celebrant but could provide a guide about the kinds
of questions to ask the couple (or the person).
o Have a family history of elder siblings leaving education early, marrying early or
indicating concerns of an early marriage
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o Exhibit signs of depression, self–harm, attempted suicide, panic attacks, social isolation
or substance abuse
o Have high level of control and restrictions exercised by family / community members
over all aspects of life in and outside of the home e.g. surveillance, always
accompanied, limited or no control of finances, limited or no control over life decisions,
education and career choices
o Have communications monitored or restricted
o Show evidence of family or domestic violence within the family unit
o Show evidence of running away from home or isolation from the community
o Express concern regarding an upcoming family holiday or overseas travel
o Make a sudden announcement they are engaged
o Express feelings of shame or dishonour on the family if family / community
expectations are not met
o Show evidence of economic or dowry abuse including:
Family members or others seeking to gain financially from a proposed marriage or
engagement
Ongoing demands for cash or material goods
Threats made when financial obligations or arrangements are not met
Demonstrate feelings of conflict or concern for the ramifications if they do not go
ahead with an agreed marriage / engagement
Have intergenerational and cultural conflict within the home
Express concern of physical or psychological violence for not fulfilling family /
community expectations.
Arranged marriages are different to forced marriages. While an arranged marriage involves the
spouse being introduced by a third party or family member, it requires the consent of both parties,
who can agree or refuse to marry. The Marriage Act does not prevent a person from consenting to
marry another person that they have not met prior to the marriage ceremony.
How can I help a person at risk of forced marriage to stay safe?
It is important that you always act in the best interests of a person at risk of a forced marriage, by
being mindful of their safety as well as your own.
If an authorised celebrant forms a view that one of the parties may be under duress or otherwise
not freely and fully consenting, they should attempt to discuss the matter with the party
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concerned in the absence of the other party or any family members to determine whether they
consent to the marriage.
When seeking assistance, you can help protect a person at risk of a forced marriage, and yourself,
by:
• dialling Triple Zero (000) if you have immediate concerns for your safety, the safety of another
person, or there is an emergency
• contacting the AFP or a specialist community organisation
• ensuring you do not attempt to set up a meeting with the person and their family or
community members to discuss the situation, or contact family or community members, if you
do not have the express permission of the person
• remembering that other people may read your emails, text messages or other written
communications
• providing the party with information about forced marriage and services that can help them
• meeting in a safe and private place, and
• if using an interpreter to communicate with a person suspected to be at risk of forced
marriage, consider that the interpreter may know the person, their family or their community.
For more information on forced marriage see the ‘People smuggling and human trafficking’ page
of the Attorney-General’s Department website.
Seek assistance
The Forced Marriage Community Pack, available on the Attorney-General’s Department website
at: Forced marriage | Attorney-General's Department provides information and resources on
forced marriage and is available in a range of languages.
Marriage celebrants may wish to download fact sheets or the small fold away booklets so that
they can be provided to the person suspected to be at risk of forced marriage, if
it is safe to do so.
It is important to refer the person to the right place where they can get appropriate advice and
assistance.
Care should be taken to ensure that the person suspected to be at risk is not put in
danger.
If you have immediate concerns for your safety, the safety of another person, or there is an
emergency call Triple Zero (000). If there is no immediate risk of harm and indicators of forced
marriage are present, call 131 AFP (131 237) or complete the online report a crime form on the
human trafficking page of the AFP website at Human trafficking, slavery and slavery-like practices
(including forced marriage) information report - AFP
The Australian Federal Police (AFP) can provide initial advice to people who are in, or at risk of a
forced marriage, including where a person needs help to make sure he or she won’t be taken
overseas. The AFP can also refer victims for support, including safe accommodation, financial
support, legal advice and counselling.
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Initial support is available for victims even where they don’t want to assist with an investigation or
prosecution. In cases where the victim is a child, the AFP will always act in their best interests.
You can also provide anonymous information about criminal activity to Crime Stoppers on 1800
333 000 or www.crimestoppers.com.au.
My Blue Sky is an easy to use, non-government website dedicated to preventing and addressing
forced marriage in Australia. The website provides people in, or at risk of, forced marriage with
important information and links to support services, as well as useful resources for frontline
responders, service providers and the general community.
For free, confidential legal advice about forced marriage, you can call My Blue Sky’s national
forced marriage helpline on (02) 9514 8115. The My Blue Sky helpline operates Monday to Friday
between 9am and 5pm AEST), with an out of hours recorded message. You can also get help by
emailing xxxx@xxxxxxxxx.xxx.xx or sending an SMS to 0481 070 844.
The National Sexual Assault, Domestic and Family Violence Counselling Service is a free 24/7
confidential telephone and online counselling service, staffed by professional counsellors to assist
any person who has experienced, or is at risk of family and domestic violence and/or sexual
assault. You can call 1800 RESPECT (1800 737 732) or visit the National Sexual Assault, Family and
Domestic Violence Counselling Service website.
The following specialist community organisations may also be able to provide help and advice:
•
Anti-Slavery Australia
Tel: 02 9514 9662 Email: xxxxxxxxxxx@xxx.xxx.xx
•
Australian Muslim Women’s Centre for Human Rights
Tel: 03 9481 3000
•
The Freedom Partnership—Salvation Army
Tel: 02 9211 5794 Email: xxxxxxxxxx@xxx.xxxxxxxxxxxxx.xxx.xx
You may also wish to seek advice from the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia: see Family
violence: Overview | Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (fcfcoa.gov.au), or a family solicitor at
your closest Legal Aid office.
The Translating and Interpreting Service (TIS National) can be contacted on 131 450.
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